Outline the factors that lead to different environmental value systems in contrasting cultures.

Explain why the harvesting of a named aquatic species may be controversial.

Discuss strategies that can be used to improve the sustainability of food production systems.

Outline the procedures in a laboratory-based method to find the gross productivity for a population of named aquatic animals in terms of biomass per day.

Explain how acid deposition falling on a forest may impact a nearby aquatic ecosystem.

When harvesting is limited to the sustainable yield, associated processes involved in a food production system may still make the production unsustainable.

In this context, to what extent can aquatic food production systems be truly sustainable?

With reference to four different properties of a soil, outline how each can contribute to high primary productivity.

Explain how the level of primary productivity of different biomes influences their resilience.

Discuss the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining the stability and promoting the restoration of plant communities threatened by human impacts.

Identify one transfer and one transformation process shown in Figure 2.

Transfer:

Transformation:

Outline how urbanization might impact two of the storages in Figure 2.

Runoff from agricultural land can result in excess nutrients entering water bodies. Outline one indirect measure of organic pollution.

Runoff from agricultural land can result in excess nutrients entering water bodies. State one management strategy that could control the release of agricultural runoff.

Outline why top carnivores are vulnerable to non-biodegradable toxins.

Explain two factors which lead to a loss of marine (ocean) biodiversity.

Evaluate one possible pollution management strategy for solid domestic waste.

Distinguish between two named biomes and the factors that cause their distribution.

Evaluate one method for measuring primary productivity in a named ecosystem.

Discuss how human activities impact the flows and stores in the nitrogen cycle.

Using Figures 1(a) and 1(b):

State one country with no expected change in water stress between 2013 and the 2040 prediction.

State one difference in water scarcity between 2013 and the 2040 prediction.

Outline how climate change may affect the availability of freshwater resources.

Describe two water management strategies that can reduce water scarcity.

Describe the overall trend for sandy soil shown in Figure 2.

Calculate the change in evaporation from clay soil when the vegetation cover changes from 50% to 100%.

Outline two reasons why loam soils are the most productive for plant growth.

Outline four ways in which urbanization may influence processes in the hydrological cycle.

Hydropower is a resource that can be exploited from rivers. Explain how the value of this resource to a society may vary over time.

To what extent are water scarcity issues better addressed through changing human behaviour than through technological development?

With reference to named examples, distinguish between a primary and secondary pollutant.

Explain how organic waste may be an effective fertilizer in terrestrial systems but a source of pollution in aquatic systems.

To what extent can different environmental value systems contribute to both causing and resolving the problem of water scarcity?