Identify four ways to ensure reliability of the mark–release–recapture method in estimating population size.
Explain how the interactions between a species and its environment give rise to the S-shape of its population growth curve.
The future growth of human populations is unlikely to be limited by the availability of energy resources. However, they could easily be limited by the impacts of energy production.
Discuss the validity of this statement.
Figure 3: Current and projected total fertility rates by region
[Source: adapted from World Resources Institute, https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/global-food-challenge-explained-18-
graphics. File licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\]
Using Figure 3 identify the region with the highest fertility rate in the period 2005–2010.
Outline two possible reasons for the projected change in total fertility rate in Sub-Saharan Africa in the period 2045–2050.
Identify two reasons for the projected increase in total fertility rate in Europe by the period 2045–2050.
Figure 1: Management of solid domestic waste in England, 2001–2018
[Source: Statistics on waste managed by local authorities in England in 2017/18, Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs. Source adapted.]
With reference to Figure 1, identify the recycling rate in England in 2018.
Outline one reason for the shape of the recycling rate curve from 2013 to 2018.
Estimate the reduction in solid domestic waste (in million tonnes) going to landfill from 2001 to 2018.
Describe three reasons why the proportion of solid domestic waste being recycled/ composted and incinerated has changed.
Outline one reason why there has been an overall change in recorded total solid domestic waste between 2001 and 2018.
Figure 1: Demographic transition model
[Source: CIA, 2018. World Factbook: Costa Rica. Available at:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html.\]
Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8. Identify the stage in which Costa Rica would be placed on the demographic transition model shown in Figure 1.
Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8.Calculate the natural increase rate (NIR) for Costa Rica.
Costa Rica has a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.3 and a crude death rate (CDR) of 4.8. Calculate the doubling time for Costa Rica.
Outline one strength and one limitation of the demographic transition model.
Outline the socioeconomic factors that may cause a society to move from Stage 2 to Stage 3 on the demographic transition model.
Outline why top carnivores are vulnerable to non-biodegradable toxins.
Explain two factors which lead to a loss of marine (ocean) biodiversity.
Evaluate one possible pollution management strategy for solid domestic waste.
Figure 3(a): Graph showing Icelandic population change over time
Figure 3(b): Age-gender pyramid for Iceland in 2014
[Source: adapted from CIA World Factbook]
Outline four ways in which urbanization may influence processes in the hydrological cycle.
Hydropower is a resource that can be exploited from rivers. Explain how the value of this resource to a society may vary over time.
To what extent are water scarcity issues better addressed through changing human behaviour than through technological development?
Figure 10(a): Recycling rates in London and England, 2000–2015
[Source: Greater London Authority, 2016. Draft Economic Evidence Base 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.london.
gov.uk/sites/default/files/draft-eeb-2016.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2020].]
Figure 10(b): Proportions of material recycled in London, 2006
With reference to Figures 10(a) and 10(b), suggest one reason why London’s recycling rates are lower than in the rest of England.
Evaluate the effectiveness of recycling as a waste management strategy for London
Outline the reasons why natural capital has a dynamic nature.
Explain how the inequitable distribution of natural resources can lead to conflict.
The management of a resource can impact the production of solid domestic waste.
To what extent have the three levels of the pollution management model been successfully applied to the management of solid domestic waste?
Figure 3(a): Hurricane history of Dominica since 1900
[Source: Adapted from Dominica’s history with tropical storms. Available at: http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/dominica.htm.\]
Figure 3(b): Average global sea surface temperature, 1900–2015
[Source: NOAA.]
Figure 3(c): Impacts of Hurricane Maria
[text] Adapted from ACAPS, 2018. Dominica: The impact of Hurricane Maria. Available at:
https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/products/files/20180131\_acaps\_disaster\_profile\_dominica\_v2.pdf.
[left image] Photo credit: Marica Honychurch.
[right image] Photo courtesy of CARICOM, September 21, 2017,
https://caricom.org/carpha-ready-to-assist-dominica/.
Figure 3(d): Landslide caused by heavy rains after a hurricane
[Source: Photo courtesy of Jodie Dangleben.]
Using Figure 3(a), identify why Hurricane Maria was so destructive.
Describe the relationship between sea surface temperature in Figure 3(b) and hurricane wind speed in Figure 3(a).
With reference to Figures 3(c) and 3(d), outline how Hurricane Maria has reduced Dominica’s food availability.
With reference to Figure 3(c), explain three ways in which Hurricane Maria has affected ecosystem services provided by Dominica’s forests.