The graph shows the probability (likelihood) of the depth of snow on a ski field being over 1 metre, and over 2 metres, between June and October.
State the earliest date on which there is a 50 % probability of snow depth exceeding 1 metre.
Estimate the probability of snow depth exceeding 2 metres on 1 September.
Briefly explain how the graph provides evidence that this ski field is located in thesouthern hemisphere.
Explain two environmental impacts of tourism in one named extreme environment.
Compare the importance of water and wind in the development of landform features inhot, arid areas.
Briefly outline two processes of river erosion.
Explain how watering can lead to salinization.
Explain two consequences of salinization for farmers.
Discuss the positive and negative hydrological impacts of barrier and reservoir construction.
The graph shows the change in the volume of ice for one glacier from 1850 to 2010.
Estimate the volume of ice lost between 1850 and 1950.
State the year when the glacier began a continuous decline lasting to 2010.
Suggest why a short-term increase in glacial ice (positive balance) begins around 1950.
Distinguish between aridity and infertility in hot, arid areas.
Examine the causes and consequences of the melting of permafrost.
State two causes of a negative change in sea level.
Briefly describe one landform associated with an advancing coast.
Using examples, explain two effects of the oceanic conveyor belt on different places.
“The loss of coral reefs has more serious effects than the loss of mangrove swamps.” Discuss this statement.
Describe two characteristics of marine crust.
Briefly outline the marine circulation in the Atlantic Ocean during an El Niño event.
Explain the wind and pressure systems in an El Niño event.
Examine the spatial and temporal consequences of overfishing.
The diagram shows four landforms (A, B, C, D) associated with a cliff.
(i) Identify two of the landforms shown in the diagram.
(ii) Outline how wave action could lead to the collapse of the cliff.
Explain three factors favouring the growth of coral reefs.
Examine the environmental and economic impacts of the pollution of oceans by oil.
The photograph shows part of the Himalaya in the Everest region of Nepal in summer.
Referring to the photograph, identify landform A and landform B.
Briefly outline how the landform at C was formed.
Explain two possible challenges posed by the environment to the economic activities of people living in areas like area D shown in the photograph.
Examine the opportunities for agriculture in hot, arid areas.
The map extract shows a glaciated area of part of the Lake District in the north-west of England. The scale of the map is 1:25 000. The contour interval is 10 metres. The key for the map extract is below.
Identify one landform of glacial erosion in square 3415.
State the name of one U-shaped valley/trough shown on the map.
Estimate the length in kilometres of the walking track between the start of the walking track (footpath) at Highpark Wood (3116) to the summit of Helvellyn (3415).
State the height gained from the spot height in square 3315 to the triangulation pillar in square 3415.
Using map evidence, explain one reason, other than climate, why mining in this extreme environment is challenging.
Explain the formation of one feature or landform of glacial deposition.
Examine how the balance between challenges and opportunities affects economic activities in one or more extreme environments.
The map shows part of the North Atlantic sea floor.
Identify and briefly describe two landforms in box X.
Using examples, explain two positive economic impacts that El Niño events can bring.
“Geopolitical conflict is the inevitable outcome of human use of oceans.” Discuss this statement.