The map shows the age of oceanic crust.
Referring to the map, identify the type of plate boundary shown on the map at:
(i) A
(ii) B.
State the age of the oceanic crust at C shown on the map.
Using an annotated diagram only, explain why the age of oceanic crust changes with distance from the mid-ocean ridges.
Referring to specific nations, discuss the geopolitical issues that arise over ocean areas.
“Poorer communities are more vulnerable to the impacts of hazard events than richer communities.” Discuss this statement.
Outline the main features of one scale used to measure the magnitude of one named hazard type.
Describe what is meant by hazard risk.
Explain two ways in which people’s vulnerability to a tectonic hazard may be reduced.
Examine why some hazard events are more predictable than others.
The diagram shows some of the factors affecting vulnerability to hazards.
Suggest what factor A on the diagram might be.
Explain how two of the other factors (other than factor A) shown on the diagram affect vulnerability to hazards.
[2+2]
Analyse why communities may underestimate the probability of a hazard event occurring.
For one or more hazards of your choice, examine how estimates are made for the probability and likely impact of a major hazard event.
Describe the global distribution of either volcanoes or earthquakes.
Suggest three factors that might affect an individual’s perception of the risk posed by tectonic hazards.
“Hazard prediction is ineffective in reducing the impact of hazard events on people’s lives and property.” Discuss this statement, with reference to two different hazard types.
Diagram A shows the number of reported disasters by decade by hazard type, globally. Diagram B shows economic losses by hazard type, globally.
(i) Describe the change in the total number of reported disasters between 1971 and 2010.
(ii) State the type of natural hazard that has not increased in frequency since 1981.
(iii) Estimate the total economic losses due to storms and floods between 1971 and 2010.
Explain three reasons why communities may underestimate the probability of a major hazard event occurring in the area in which they live.
Discuss the view that human vulnerability to natural hazards (excluding river flooding) is greater in urban areas than in rural areas.
Outline what is meant by the term “drought”.
Briefly describe one physical cause of a located severe drought.
Suggest two reasons why individuals and communities may underestimate the probability of a severe drought occurring in the region in which they live.
Discuss the reasons why some low-income countries may be more vulnerable than others to the effects of hazard events.