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What are the two fundamental types of cellular organization?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

They lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

What type of DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?

Circular DNA located in the nucleoid region.

What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?

They have a membrane-bound nucleus containing linear DNA.

What are ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Larger ribosomes (80S type) compared to prokaryotic cells (70S type).

What is the function of mitochondria?

Site of cellular respiration and ATP production.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins.

What is cell specialization?

The process by which cells develop specific structures and functions.

What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

They are protein complexes that drive the cell cycle forward.

What is the structure of DNA?

A double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G).

What is the process of DNA replication?

The process by which a cell creates an exact copy of its DNA before cell division.

What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

It binds to the promoter region and synthesizes RNA from the DNA template.

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon matching.

What is the function of enzymes?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions, speeding up chemical reactions.

What is the active site of an enzyme?

The region within the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

What is the equation representing enzyme function?

$$ 	ext{Enzyme} + 	ext{Substrate} 
ightleftharpoons 	ext{Enzyme-Substrate Complex} 
ightarrow 	ext{Enzyme} + 	ext{Product} $$

B - Form and Function