In psychology, the concepts of normality and abnormality are fundamental in understanding human behavior and mental health. These concepts are not only crucial for academic purposes but also have practical implications in clinical settings. This study note explores the definitions, criteria, and key studies related to normality and abnormality, focusing on the IB Psychology syllabus.
- Social Norms: Normal behavior generally adheres to the accepted social norms of a particular society or culture. For example, washing regularly and walking on the pavement.
- Behavioral Conventions: Normal behavior follows the behavioral conventions laid down by specific societies and cultures.
- Subjectivity: Normality is subjective and may vary from one culture or society to another. For instance, marrying someone of the same sex is considered normal in some cultures but not in others.
- Idiosyncratic Level: Normality can also operate at a personal level. For example, someone eating boiled cabbage for breakfast every day might be seen as quirky but normal for that individual.
Example
Example: In some cultures, it is normal to greet people with a kiss on the cheek, while in others, a handshake is the norm.
- Deviation from Social Norms: Abnormal behavior often flouts or disregards social norms. For example, walking down the middle of the road instead of on the pavement.
- Noticeability: Abnormal behavior tends to be noticeable and draws attention to itself, often resulting in negative consequences for the individual.
- Distress and Alarm: Abnormal behavior may be viewed with alarm, distress, or fear by those observing it.
Example
Example: Speaking in ungrammatical and incoherent sentences might be considered abnormal as it deviates from the accepted norms of communication.
- Historical Context: Behaviors considered abnormal in the past, such as homosexuality, are now viewed as normal in many societies.
- Cultural Differences: Some behaviors that are normal in one culture may still be considered abnormal in another. For instance, some cultures still view homosexuality as abnormal.
Note
Note: The definition of abnormality is not static and changes over time as societies evolve and become more tolerant of diverse behaviors.
Clinicians use several measures to classify or diagnose abnormal behaviors, often following the biomedical model of disease. These measures include:
- Explanation: Behavior that falls outside of agreed statistical parameters, such as an IQ of less than 70, is considered abnormal.
- Strengths: Provides clear points of comparison between people, making it easy to use as an analytical tool.
- Explanation: Behavior that does not conform to accepted social standards, such as not washing or not eating, is considered abnormal.
- Explanation: Behavior that is shocking, surprising, or challenges social norms, such as wearing a plant pot on one's head, is considered abnormal.
- Explanation: Behavior that is not completely 'perfect' for an individual, such as an inability to handle stress, is considered abnormal.
Tip
Tip: When answering exam questions on this topic, remember to consider the subjective nature of these criteria and how they may vary between cultures and societies.
Aim
To determine a specific set of criteria that identify ideal mental health in humans.
Participants
740 adults representing a range of occupations, both skilled and unskilled.
Procedure
Participants responded to a survey consisting of 40 items designed to determine what a model of ideal mental health should include.
Results
Jahoda identified six characteristics that demonstrate ideal mental health:
- Positive Attitude Towards the Self: Self-confidence, self-reliance, and a realistic understanding of strengths and weaknesses.
- Growth, Development, and Self-Actualization: Progress in academic life or career and the capacity to develop a mature and balanced outlook on life.
- Integration: A holistic outlook on life, feeling secure, and being able to withstand mental stress.
- Autonomy: Independence, decision-making, and self-determination.
- Accurate Perception of Reality: Objective, unbiased appraisal of other people and the world.
- Environmental Mastery: Confidence and capability in social roles, such as being a colleague, parent, or team member.
Conclusion
Ideal mental health can be determined by an individual satisfying the six criteria outlined in the model.
Example
Example: An individual who is self-reliant, progresses in their career, and can handle stress well would be considered to have ideal mental health according to Jahoda's criteria.
Aim
To test the hypothesis that individuals with bereavement-related depressive episodes do not have a higher risk of subsequent depressive episodes compared to individuals without a lifetime history of depression.
Method
A retrospective longitudinal design was used, looking back across time to study grieving and depression.
Results
The study found that bereavement-related depression should not be considered abnormal as it is part of the normal grieving process.
Evaluation
- Strengths: The longitudinal design allowed for real changes to be mapped to real-world experiences.
- Limitations: The use of self-reporting methods resulted in the collection of quantitative data, which lacks explanatory power.
Note
Note: This study highlights the importance of considering the context and nature of the depressive episodes when diagnosing abnormality.
- Strengths: Provides clear points of comparison and is easy to use as an analytical tool.
- Weaknesses: Does not consider the subjective nature of what is considered normal or abnormal.
- Strengths: Considers the individual's ability to perform daily functions.
- Weaknesses: May be influenced by cultural and societal norms.
- Strengths: Considers the societal context of behavior.
- Weaknesses: Highly subjective and varies between cultures.
- Strengths: Provides a comprehensive view of mental health.
- Weaknesses: Ideal mental health criteria may be difficult to achieve for most people.
Common Mistake
Common Mistake: Assuming that abnormal behavior is universally agreed upon and static. Remember that definitions of normality and abnormality are fluid and culturally dependent.
The concepts of normality and abnormality are complex and multifaceted, influenced by cultural, societal, and historical factors. Understanding these concepts is crucial for diagnosing and treating mental health issues. Key studies by Jahoda (1958) and Mojtabai (2011) provide valuable insights into what constitutes ideal mental health and the normality of certain depressive episodes, respectively. When studying these concepts, it is essential to consider the subjective and evolving nature of what is deemed normal or abnormal behavior.
Tip
Tip: Always approach the concepts of normality and abnormality with an open mind and consider the cultural and societal context when evaluating behavior.