The topic of Cultural Origins of Behavior and Cognition in IB Psychology explores how culture shapes the way individuals think, feel, and behave. This study note will delve into various aspects of this topic, including the definition of culture, its influence on behavior, key studies that illustrate these influences, and the role of cultural dimensions.
Culture refers to the products of socialization within any organized group, society, or nation. It involves a set of rules, norms, and customs agreed upon by the members of that group.
Tip
Understanding the distinction between deep and surface culture is crucial for analyzing how cultural norms influence behavior and cognition.
Common Mistake
A common mistake is to assume that findings from Western, individualistic cultures can be universally applied to all cultures. This overlooks cultural diversity and the unique aspects of different societies.
Smith and Bond conducted a meta-analysis of conformity studies across different cultures. They found that conformity levels were generally higher in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic cultures.
Example
For instance, in Japan (a collectivist culture), conformity to group norms is highly valued, whereas in the USA (an individualistic culture), individual expression is more encouraged.
Takano and Sogon aimed to test the stereotype that Japanese people are highly conformist. They conducted an experiment using Asch's line judgment task with Japanese university students.
Note
This study highlights the importance of not oversimplifying cultural characteristics and recognizing variability within cultures.
Hofstede's model identifies several dimensions that can be used to compare cultures:
Example
In a high power distance culture like Malaysia, hierarchical structures are accepted, whereas in a low power distance culture like Denmark, equality is emphasized.
Levine and Norenzayan examined the pace of life in 31 countries, focusing on walking speed, postal transaction speed, and the accuracy of public clocks.
Tip
This study illustrates how cultural dimensions can influence everyday behaviors and societal norms.
As mentioned earlier, Smith and Bond's meta-analysis also explored cultural dimensions, particularly individualism vs. collectivism, and its impact on conformity.
Note
These studies underscore the importance of considering multiple cultural dimensions when studying behavior and cognition.
Basu and colleagues studied how children learn cultural norms and values through direct teaching, observation, and participation in cultural practices.
Berry proposed a model of acculturation that includes four strategies: assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization.
Example
Immigrants who integrate both their native and new cultures tend to experience better psychological well-being compared to those who marginalize.
Inman and colleagues explored the acculturation experiences of South Asian immigrants in the United States.
Note
These studies highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of acculturation and its impact on behavior and cognition.
Understanding the cultural origins of behavior and cognition is crucial for appreciating the diversity and complexity of human psychology. By examining key studies and concepts, we gain insights into how culture shapes our thoughts, feelings, and actions. This knowledge not only enriches our understanding of psychology but also fosters greater cultural sensitivity and awareness.