The treatment of psychological disorders is a multifaceted field that encompasses various approaches, each grounded in different theoretical frameworks. In the International Baccalaureate (IB) syllabus for Higher Level (HL) Psychology, the treatment of disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and phobias is examined through multiple lenses, including biological, psychological, and cultural perspectives. This document aims to provide a comprehensive study note on the treatment of these disorders, breaking down complex ideas into digestible sections, supported by key studies and examples.
The table below summarizes key studies that are essential for understanding the treatment of MDD and phobias from different perspectives:
Topic Two Key Studies Biological Treatments of MDD & Phobias Kroenke et al. (2001), Liebowitz et al. (1998) Psychological Treatments of MDD & Phobias March et al. (2007), Vigerland et al. (2013) The Role of Culture in Treatment of MDD & Phobias Hodge & Nadir (2008), Hinton et al. (2005)
When evaluating the effectiveness of treatments for disorders, it is important to consider multiple factors, including the type of disorder, the individual’s specific circumstances, and cultural context. The effectiveness of a treatment can be assessed through:
Note
Effectiveness is not solely determined by symptom reduction but also by improvements in quality of life and functionality.
CBT is a widely used psychological treatment for both MDD and phobias. It focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of CBT in treating adolescents with MDD.
Procedure: Randomized controlled trial with participants receiving either CBT, medication, or a combination of both.
Results: The combination of CBT and medication was found to be more effective than either treatment alone.
Example
For instance, a teenager with MDD might learn to challenge negative thoughts such as "I am worthless," and replace them with more positive and realistic thoughts.
Exposure therapy is particularly effective for treating phobias. It involves gradual exposure to the feared object or situation until the fear response is diminished.
Aim: To assess the effectiveness of internet-delivered exposure therapy for children with phobias.
Procedure: Participants underwent a structured online exposure therapy program.
Results: Significant reduction in phobia symptoms was observed, demonstrating the effectiveness of online interventions.
Tip
Gradual exposure is key. Start with less intimidating scenarios and slowly work up to more challenging situations.
Biological treatments often involve drug therapy aimed at correcting chemical imbalances in the brain.
Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating MDD.
Procedure: Randomized controlled trial comparing SSRIs with a placebo.
Results: SSRIs were significantly more effective than the placebo in reducing depressive symptoms.
Common Mistake
Assuming that all patients will respond similarly to a particular drug. Individual differences can lead to varying responses and side effects.
Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding and respecting cultural differences in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders.
Aim: To investigate the appropriateness of Western-style counseling practices for Muslim clients.
Procedure: Review of four therapeutic approaches: psychoanalytic therapy, group therapy, strength-based therapy, and CBT.
Results: Strength-based therapy and CBT were found to be more congruent with Islamic values, while psychoanalytic and group therapies were less suitable.
Example
In Islamic culture, grounding identity in religious teachings, family, and community is crucial. Therefore, therapies that align with these values are more effective.
Certain disorders are specific to particular cultures and may require culturally tailored treatments.
Aim: To assess the efficacy of CBT for Cambodian refugees.
Procedure: CBT was adapted to include cultural elements such as meditation and traditional healing practices.
Results: The adapted CBT was effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD and anxiety.
Note
Cultural competence is essential for effective treatment. Therapists should be aware of and sensitive to cultural differences.
Tip
Incorporating cultural elements into therapy can enhance its effectiveness and acceptance among patients.
The treatment of psychological disorders such as MDD and phobias requires a multifaceted approach that considers biological, psychological, and cultural factors. By understanding and integrating these different perspectives, clinicians can provide more effective and personalized care. The key studies highlighted in this document offer valuable insights into the various treatment modalities and their effectiveness, providing a solid foundation for further exploration and application in clinical practice.