The maps show world population density and the location of hot, arid environments.
Explain how and why the following factors may influence population density in hot, arid areas:
The graph shows the probability (likelihood) of the depth of snow on a ski field being over 1 metre, and over 2 metres, between June and October.
State the earliest date on which there is a 50 % probability of snow depth exceeding 1 metre.
Estimate the probability of snow depth exceeding 2 metres on 1 September.
Briefly explain how the graph provides evidence that this ski field is located in thesouthern hemisphere.
Explain two environmental impacts of tourism in one named extreme environment.
Compare the importance of water and wind in the development of landform features inhot, arid areas.
Outline two human and two physical factors that are possible causes of desertification in a hot, arid environment.
Explain three reasons why there are concentrations of people in some parts of hot, arid areas.
Examine the severity of the different challenges for resource development in periglacial areas.
The diagram shows a cross-section of the location of permanently frozen ground (permafrost).
Outline how the seasonal changes taking place in the active layer differ between 50°N and 60°N.
Explain two ways in which the active layer creates challenges for settlement and/or communications in a permafrost area.
The diagram shows the proportions of land and water at each degree of latitude and the locations of some cold extreme environments.
(i) Estimate the latitude at which the percentage of land is highest in the Northern Hemisphere.
(ii) State one reason why extreme cold environments can even be found at latitude
Explain the characteristics and formation in periglacial environments of:
(i) patterned ground;
(ii) thermokarst.
Referring to examples, evaluate the varied economic opportunities in hot, arid environments.
The graph shows the change in the volume of ice for one glacier from 1850 to 2010.
Estimate the volume of ice lost between 1850 and 1950.
State the year when the glacier began a continuous decline lasting to 2010.
Suggest why a short-term increase in glacial ice (positive balance) begins around 1950.
Distinguish between aridity and infertility in hot, arid areas.
Examine the causes and consequences of the melting of permafrost.
Outline two climatic characteristics of a periglacial extreme environment.
Describe two characteristics of permafrost.
Explain the role of water in two weathering processes in hot, arid environments.
“Global climate change will create more challenges than opportunities for indigenous populations.” Discuss this statement, with reference to one or more extreme environments.