The biological approach in psychology emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior. This approach looks at how our genetic makeup, brain structures, neurotransmitters, and other physiological processes impact our thoughts, feelings, and actions. It is grounded in the belief that all psychological phenomena have a biological basis.
1. Genetic Basis of Behavior
- Genetics and Behavior: The biological approach posits that our behavior can be significantly influenced by our genetic makeup. For example, twin studies have shown that identical twins (monozygotic) often exhibit more similar behaviors compared to fraternal twins (dizygotic), suggesting a genetic component.
- Example: McGuffin et al. (1996) found high concordance rates for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins.
- Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene: This gene affects the serotonin system in the brain, and variations in this gene have been linked to depression (Fratelli et al. 2020).
Tip
Remember that genetic predisposition does not mean determinism; environmental factors also play a role.
2. Brain Structures and Functions
- Brain Anatomy: Different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions. For instance, the prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making and impulse control, while the amygdala is crucial for emotional responses.
- Example: Damage to the hippocampus can lead to difficulties in forming new memories, as seen in the case of patient H.M.
3. Neurotransmitters
- Chemical Messengers: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses in the brain. Imbalances in neurotransmitters can lead to various psychological disorders.
- Serotonin: Often linked to mood regulation. Low levels of serotonin are associated with depression.
- Dopamine: Related to reward and pleasure systems. Imbalances can be linked to schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
1. Drug Therapy
- Antidepressants: Used to treat disorders like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders.
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Increase serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft. Examples include fluoxetine and citalopram.
- Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): More effective than SSRIs, examples include duloxetine and venlafaxine.
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Increase levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin by inhibiting their breakdown. Examples include phenelzine and tranylcypromine.
Note
Antidepressants treat the symptoms but not the root cause of disorders.
2. Biological Preparedness
- Seligman's Theory (1971): Suggests that humans are evolutionarily predisposed to develop certain fears (e.g., snakes, spiders) because these fears have historically increased survival chances.
- Example: Fear of snakes and spiders can be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to avoid potentially dangerous animals.
Common Mistake
A common misconception is that all phobias are a result of biological preparedness. However, some phobias (e.g., fear of buttons) cannot be explained by this theory.
Strengths
- Scientific Methods: Uses rigorous scientific methods, including brain imaging and genetic testing, which provide reliable and objective data.
- Effective Treatments: Biological treatments, such as medications, have been proven effective for many individuals.
Weaknesses
- Reductionist: Often criticized for being too reductionist, as it ignores environmental and psychological factors.
- Side Effects: Biological treatments, particularly drugs, can have significant side effects.
Aim
To investigate biological preparedness as a valid explanation of phobias.
Procedure
- Literature Review: Reviewed 23 studies involving 1887 participants, focusing on fear-conditioning experiments related to snake and spider phobias.
Results
- Deconditioning: 22 out of 32 studies showed successful deconditioning of phobias.
- Resistance: 10 studies reported resistance to phobia extinction, supporting the idea of innate phobias.
Conclusion
Biological preparedness may not fully explain all phobias, but it provides a significant evolutionary perspective.
Example
Consider a person with arachnophobia (fear of spiders). According to Seligman's theory, this fear could be an inherited survival mechanism. However, if this person also has a fear of balloons, biological preparedness cannot explain this, suggesting other factors are at play.
The biological approach in psychology provides valuable insights into how our biology affects our behavior. While it has its strengths, such as scientific rigor and effective treatments, it also has limitations, particularly in its reductionist view. Understanding the interplay between biology and behavior is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of psychological phenomena.
Note
Always consider the ethical implications of biological treatments and the importance of a holistic approach to mental health.