Using examples, suggest simple notation systems for a football game.
Define Newton’s first law of motion.
Apply methods of minimizing and maximizing friction in a sport.
Explain how Newton’s laws of motion apply in a team sport.
Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition occurring at the knee when kicking a sphere.
Outline six different types of feedback used in athletics.
Describe how coding, chunking and association can be used to enhance memory when acquiring a new skill.
Explain how acetylcholine contributes to skeletal muscle contraction.
A study examined how three different sports influenced force–time variables during a vertical jump performed by elite athletes.
The measured variables included the time spent in the eccentric phase (when the quadriceps lengthen in preparation for the jump), the total duration of the jump (including both eccentric and concentric phases), the rate of force development during the eccentric phase, and the height of the jump.
Table 1: Average and standard deviation (SD) for the force–time variable measurements
Sport | Eccentric time (ms) | Total jump time (ms) | Eccentric rate of force development (kN s⁻¹) | Jump height (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Volleyball | 260 (7) | 494 (9) | 3.37 (0.12) | 46.8 (12.7) |
Soccer | 199 (5) | 485 (10) | 4.53 (0.16) | 50.1 (15.9) |
Rugby | 241 (8) | 495 (2) | 5.41 (0.10) | 45.7 (11.8) |
Identify the sport with the greatest mean jump height.
Identify the sport with the smallest standard deviation for eccentric rate of force development.
Using the data from Table 1, analyse the differences in force–time variables for volleyball, soccer and rugby players.
Calculate the difference between mean eccentric rate of force development for rugby and volleyball.
Comment on the meaning of the standard deviation with reference to Table 1.
Compare the Fosbury Flop and the scissors technique based on the position of the jumper's center of mass.
Contrast the blood distribution in a runner while at rest and during a 10,000 m race.
Describe the process of pulmonary ventilation in the human lungs during intense exercise.
Summarize the function of hemoglobin in transporting gases within the body of a trained athlete.
Define Newton's second law of motion.
Use Newton's third law of motion to explain what happens when a sprinter pushes off from the starting blocks at the beginning of a race.
Distinguish between the movement permitted in different types of joints.
Outline the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP–CP system.
Using examples from team sports, evaluate the concept of the psychological refractory period (PRP).
Describe how cardiovascular drift takes place.
Using an example, analyse conditions for acceleration.
During a gymnastics routine, an athlete performs a backflip. How does the athlete's center of mass change during the backflip?
What describes the role of acetylcholine in skeletal muscle contraction?
Which type of muscle contraction is most commonly associated with causing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
What is the centre of mass of an object?
Which describes the centre of mass of an object?